Is a gap year necessary for high school graduates

Sauropods - The Biggest Dinosaurs Think about the word dinosaur, and two pictures are probably going to ring a bell: a growling Velociraptor chasing for grub, or a goliath, delicate, since quite a while ago necked Brachiosaurus lethargically culling the leaves off the highest points of trees. From numerous points of view, the sauropods (of which Brachiosaurus was an unmistakable model) are more captivating than renowned predators like Tyrannosaurus Rex or Spinosaurus. By a long shot the biggest earthbound animals ever to wander the earth, sauropods stretched into various genera and species through the span of 100 million years, and their remaining parts have been uncovered on each mainland, including Antarctica. (See an exhibition of sauropod pictures and profiles.) So what, precisely, is a sauropod? Some specialized subtleties aside, scientistss utilize this word to depict huge, four-legged, plant-eating dinosaurs having enlarged trunks, long necks and tails, and minuscule heads with equivalently little minds (actually, sauropods may have been the most idiotic of the considerable number of dinosaurs, with a littler encephalization remainder than even stegosaurs or ankylosaurs). The name sauropod itself is Greek for reptile foot, which strangely considered as a part of these dinosaurs least instinctive qualities. Similarly as with any expansive definition, however, there are some significant buts and howevers. Not all sauropods had long necks (witness the strangely shortened Brachytrachelopan), and not all were the size of houses (one as of late found family, Europasaurus, appears to have just been about the size of an enormous bull). All in all, however, the vast majority of the old style sauropodsfamiliar monsters like Diplodocus and Apatosaurus (the dinosaur recently known as Brontosaurus)followed the sauropod body plan to the Mesozoic letter. Sauropod Evolution Supposedly, the primary genuine sauropods, (for example, Vulcanodon and Barapasaurus) emerged around 200 million years back, during the right on time to center Jurassic period. Going before, however not straightforwardly identified with, these larger measured monsters were littler, sporadically bipedal prosauropods (before the sauropods) like Anchisaurus and Massospondylus, which were themselves identified with the soonest dinosaurs. (In 2010, scientistss uncovered the unblemished skeleton, complete with skull, of one of the most punctual genuine sauropods, Yizhousaurus, and another competitor from Asia, Isanosaurus, rides the Triassic/Jurassic limit.) Sauropods arrived at the pinnacle of their greatness close to the furthest limit of the Jurassic time frame, 150 million years back. Completely developed grown-ups had a generally simple ride, since these 25-or 50-ton behemoths would have been for all intents and purposes insusceptible to predation (in spite of the fact that its conceivable that packs of Allosaurus may have picked on a grown-up Diplodocus), and the hot, vegetation-stifled wildernesses covering the vast majority of the Jurassic mainlands gave a consistent gracefully of food. (Infant and adolescent sauropods, just as debilitated or matured people, would obviously have made prime pickings for hungry theropod dinosaurs.) The Cretaceous time frame saw a moderate slide in sauropod fortunes; when the dinosaurs all in all went wiped out 65 million years prior, just daintily reinforced however similarly enormous titanosaurs, (for example, Titanosaurus and Rapetosaurus) were left to represent the sauropod family. Frustratingly, while scientistss have recognized many titanosaur genera from around the globe, the absence of completely enunciated fossils and the uncommonness of flawless skulls implies that much about these brutes is still covered in secret. We do know, notwithstanding, that numerous titanosaurs had simple covering platingclearly a developmental adjustment to predation by enormous flesh eating dinosaursand that the greatest titanosaurs, as Argentinosaurus, were considerably greater than the greatest sauropods. Sauropod Behavior and Physiology As befitting their size, sauropods were eating machines: grown-ups needed to scarf down many pounds of plants and leaves each day so as to fuel their gigantic mass. Contingent upon their weight control plans, sauropods came outfitted with two essential sorts of teeth: either level and spoon-formed (as in Camarasaurus and Brachiosaurus), or dainty and peglike (as in Diplodocus). Probably, spoon-toothed sauropods remained alive on harder vegetation that necessary all the more impressive techniques for pounding and biting. Thinking by similarity with present day giraffes, most scientistss accept sauropods developed their ultra-long necks so as to arrive at the high leaves of trees. In any case, this brings up the same number of issues as it answersâ since siphoning blood to a stature of 30 or 40 feet would strain even the greatest, most strong heart. One dissident scientist has even recommended that the necks of certain sauropods contained strings of assistant hearts, sort of like a Mesozoic basin detachment, however deficient with regards to strong fossil proof, not many specialists are persuaded. This carries us to the topic of whether sauropods were warm-blooded, or wanton like current reptiles. For the most part, even the most fervent promoters of warm-blooded dinosaurs chill out with regards to sauropodsâ since recreations show that these larger than average creatures would have heated themselves from within, similar to potatoes, on the off chance that they produced a lot of inward metabolic vitality. Today, the pervasiveness of conclusion is that sauropods were inhumane homeothermsthat is, they figured out how to keep up a close steady internal heat level since they heated up gradually during the day and chilled similarly gradually around evening time. Sauropod Paleontology Its one of the oddities of current fossil science that the biggest creatures that at any point lived have left the most inadequate skeletons. While scaled down dinosaurs like Microraptor will in general fossilize across the board piece, total sauropod skeletons are uncommon on the ground. Further entangling issues, sauropod fossils are frequently found without their heads, due to an anatomical peculiarity in how these dinosaurs skulls were joined to their necks (their skeletons were additionally effortlessly disarticulated, that is, stomped on to pieces by living dinosaurs or shaken separated by geographical movement). The jigsaw-puzzle-like nature of sauropod fossils has enticed scientistss into a reasonable number of obscured rear entryways. Regularly, an enormous tibia will be promoted as having a place with a totally new family of sauropod, until its decided (in view of progressively complete investigation) to have a place with a plain old Cetiosaurus. (This is the explanation the sauropod once known as Brontosaurus is today called Apatosaurus: Apatosaurus was named first, and the dinosaur in this manner got Brontosaurus ended up being a, well, you know.) Even today, a few sauropods wait under a haze of doubt; numerous specialists accept that Seismosaurus was actually a curiously enormous Diplodocus, and proposed genera like Ultrasauros have been basically undermined inside and out. This disarray about sauropod fossils has additionally brought about some renowned disarray about sauropod conduct. At the point when the primary sauropod bones were found, well more than one hundred years back, scientistss accepted they had a place with antiquated whalesand for a couple of decades, it was trendy to picture Brachiosaurus as a semi-amphibian animal that meandered lake bottoms and stuck its head out of the outside of the water to relax! (a picture that has helped fuel pseudo-logical theory about the genuine provenance of the Loch Ness Monster).

Important Role In Job Design Management

Significant Role In Job Design Management The subject which I decide for my exploration is the effect of occupation improvement and broadening on representative inspiration and execution. I expect to discover the components which assume a significant job in Job plan which is established of occupation improvement and occupation broadening with the goal that they could best inspire workers and thusly empowers them give their best execution. Association is the quality of any business. The more sorted out and proficient the various segments in the business are, the better it capacities and produces. Subsequently employments must be extended and improved remembering what is best in light of a legitimate concern for an association. I might want to make reference to here what is work advancement and employment augmentation. What are their Pros and Cons, and their viability? Occupation advancement essentially alludes to the idea of progress in work or an expansion with the assistance of updating and improvement. For instance in the event that you are a typist by work enhancement you should type and edit too. It additionally worries upon the idea of representative fulfillment in regard to their position and self-improvement potential. Employment improvement includes sorting out and arranging in orderã‚â to deal with their obligations and work as a director. The execution of plans and evaluationã‚â of results spurs laborers and eases weariness. Occupation expansion then again implies including more obligations or expanding the remaining task at hand to a similar activity. It gives the opportunity of upgrade and greater profitability for workers. For instance on the off chance that you are a typist and you type 20 pages for every day by work expansion you should type 30 pages for each day. Occupation growth is a vehicle businesses use to put extra r emaining burden on workers, maybe in affordable personal time. By including or expanding the obligations representatives are likewise getting an opportunity of upgrade and greater profitability. In abstract terms work broadening is the development of employment setting to incorporate a more extensive assortment of assignments and to build the laborers opportunity of pace, duty regarding checking quality and tact for strategy. In this manner to sum up the significant contrasts between the two we can express that activity improvement, when contrasted with work broadening, incorporates more obligations and duties, yet additionally gives the privilege of dynamic and control. Aside from that activity augmentation is level where as employment improvement is vertical development of work. Be that as it may, both the powers Job augmentation and occupation improvement are valuable for spurring laborers to play out their undertakings eagerly. It is through occupation structure associations att empt to raise profitability levels by offering non financial rewards, for example, more noteworthy fulfillment. Occupation improvement and employment extension are such procedures utilized in work configuration work out. Explanation of issue Occupation configuration is the deliberately arranged organizing of work exertion performed by a person. There is expanding proof that ineffectively structured occupations now a days is a determined social issue influencing the presentation of workers. Legitimization for the point I pick this subject because due to the reality to distinguish factors which assume significant job in work structure with the goal that it could best propel the representatives and consequently they give best execution. Extent of study The extent of the examination is center around the effect of occupation improvement and occupation augmentation and how workers react to it as far as their exhibition and how spurred they get. Back ground Information Employment plan with the idea of occupation enhancement and employment expansion came to fruition with fast mechanical headways at the turn of the twentieth century when large scale manufacturing and sequential construction system activities rose. As occupations keep on getting progressively modern and particular, the requirement for an informed and spurred workforce has gotten vital. The idea of work and its association has intrigued chiefs, financial specialists and social researchers for whatever length of time that individuals have been utilized by others to take part in gainful movement. Supervisors have to a great extent been keen on boosting yield from accessible assets. Financial experts and social researchers have brought up issues about the association of work corresponding to issues of the individual and society all in all. It is likewise significant for the HR divisions of associations to comprehend the significance of employment plan. Also structured occupations help to achieve two significant objectives: completing the important work in an ideal and skilled way, and propelling and testing representatives. As indicated by Hackman and Lawler (1971) work will be inspiring and characteristically just on the off chance that it high on every one of the five of the center measurements which are ability, assortment, independence, task recognize and criticism. It is at exactly that point that a representative would perform superior to anticipated. Related definitions Employment plan: It alludes to the way toward deciding precisely what a worker does at work: the errands, obligations, duties, dynamic and the degree of power. Employment enhancement: Employment enhancement includes newã‚â sourcesã‚â ofã‚â job satisfactionã‚â by expanding the level ofã‚â responsibilityã‚â of theã‚â employee. It is likewise calledã‚â job enhancementã‚â orã‚â vertical work extension. Occupation expansion: Occupation designã‚â techniqueã‚â in which the number ofã‚â tasksã‚â associatedã‚â with aã‚â job is expanded and appropriateã‚â trainingã‚â provided to mix it up toã‚â activities, therefore lessening repetitiveness. It is a horizontalã‚â restructuringã‚â methodã‚â in that the activity is augmented by including related assignments. Employment expansion may alsoã‚â resultã‚â in greaterã‚â workforce adaptability. Employment association: The degree, to which a worker relates to his activity, effectively takes part in it, and considers his activity execution essential to his self-esteem. Inside inspiration: Students are roused from inside by close to home needs or needs that are sure in nature, for example, a longing to succeed or love of learning. High resolve: High resolve is an idea that states high enthusiastic or state of mind as for gladness and certainty. Employment execution: Employment execution is a normally utilized, yet ineffectively characterized idea in mechanical and authoritative brain science, the part of brain research that manages the work environment. It most normally alludes to whether an individual plays out their activity well. In spite of the disarray over how it ought to be actually characterized, execution is a critical model that identifies with authoritative results and achievement. Issue improvement The motivation behind why I am leading this exploration is to pass judgment on the effect of occupation improvement and employment expansion on representative execution. As we realize that the ideas of occupation structure that incorporate advancement and amplification are not broadly utilized in Pakistan, along these lines this exploration will give a legitimate point of view on how work improvement and broadening impacts worker execution. Furthermore on account of the way that whether these ideas of occupation configuration will be useful to persuade workers, increment representative execution and efficiency. Writing survey Employment structure and its methodologies are generally considered to have started with logical administration in the year 1900. Spearheading logical administrators, for example, Taylor (1947), Gilbreth (1911), and Gilbreth and Gilbreth (1917) methodicallly analyzed occupations with different strategies. They recommended that errand configuration may be the most noticeable component in logical administration. Robert A. Karasek (1971) portrayed a few ramifications of employment upgrade. He clarified that activity enhancement and occupation augmentation causes workers to grow new abilities and face new difficulties. Occupation enhancement uncommonly is the significant main impetus for the workers that inspire them to perform much better. It was additionally seen that all around planned occupations positively affect worker fulfillment and quality execution. Another significant factor worried upon by Robert A. Karasek was that a few workers don't have the inspiration that is dull to the advanced activity. This outcomes in less fulfillment and lower work yield. As indicated by Argyris (1964) and Blauner (1964) basic, everyday practice, non testing frequently produce disappointment and debilitation of laborers. They proposed that for ideal specialist inspiration errands ought to be broadened as opposed to disentangled. In a no. of various examinations it has been demonstrated occupation expansion positively affects inspiration and execution. Regarding the plan of individual occupations, the main significant hypothesis was that of Herzberg and his associates (Herzberg 1959). Their two-factor hypothesis recognized two kinds of components, to be specific helpers, which are natural for the work itself (for example accomplishment, acknowledgment, and duty), and cleanliness factors, which are extraneous to the work (for example work conditions, pay, and oversight). The recommendation was that the cleanliness factors are totally important to keep up the HR of an association. As indicated by Hertzbergs hypothesis, just a difficult activity has the open door for accomplishment, acknowledgment, progression and development that will inspire work force. As per Hackman and Lawler (1971) a vocation will be inspiring and basically fulfilling just on the off chance that it is high in every one of the 5 center measurements. The center measurements are self-sufficiency, task personality, input, assortment and expertise. It is at exactly that point an individual finds that performing great prompts significant natural rewards, for example, sentiment of uplifted confidence, self-awareness and worth wile achievements. At last it was recommended that solitary individuals who have powerful urge for higher request need fulfillment will react to employments that are high on all center measurements. That is except if laborers esteem sentiment of achievement and development; they will be probably not going to react emphatically to an occupation which is organized to give chances to their accomplishment through difficult work. I

Ethics, Business, and the Human Genome Project :: Genetics DNA Genes Science Essays

Morals, Business, and the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project started in 1990, as a major aspect of a cooperative development by established researchers to all the more likely comprehend our own hereditary cosmetics. The U.S Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health organize this unique 15-year plan, which are portions of the National Human Genome Research Institute. The significant objectives refered to by these establishments is as per the following: Recognize all the assessed 100,000 qualities in the human genome. Guide the three billion concoction bases that make up human DNA. Store this mapped data in databases around the world. Grow far superior devices for sequencing and examination. Address the numerous moral, lawful and social issues that accompany this undertaking. The discussion over the significance of a Human Genome Project can be cleared up by taking a gander at what the human genome really is, and why realizing its DNA arrangement can be helpful to the logical and the human network. The human genome is comprised of around three billion base sets, which contain around 100,000 qualities. The 100,000 qualities in the 46 human chromosomes just record for a little aggregate of the DNA in our genome. Around 10 percent of our DNA make up these qualities in our genome, these qualities are what is really encoded for and utilized by our body to make fundamental proteins required for regular daily existence. The staying 90 percent of our three billion base sets are rehashed successions between qualities that don't encode for a specific item. These rehashed arrangements represent the motivation behind why 99 percent of any people DNA is indistinguishable from another human's (1). With this information numerous individuals trust it does not merit the t ime or cash to succession the whole human genome when just a little percent is utilized to encode for proteins. Notwithstanding, by sequencing the entire genome analysts will no longer need to do a needle in the bundle sort of quest for little qualities, similar to the one found on chromosome four that is answerable for Huntington's malady (4). Additionally, realizing the total human DNA grouping will permit researchers to decide the job and significance of the rehashed DNA, non-protein encoding, successions in our body. The Human Genome Project has exposed the significance of single nucleotide polymorphism's (SNPs), which happen each 100 to 300 bases (1). A solitary nucleotide variety in the DNA grouping can majorly affect how people respond to microscopic organisms, infections and medication treatment.

Philosophical Quotes on Violence

Philosophical Quotes on Violence What is brutality? What's more, as needs be, in what manner ought to peacefulness be comprehended? While I have composed various articles on these and related themes, it is valuable to take a gander at how savants have combined their perspectives on brutality. Here is a determination of statements, sifted through into points. Voices on Violence Frantz Fanon: Violence is man re-making himself.George Orwell: We rest safe in our beds since harsh men stand prepared in the night to visit savagery on the individuals who might do us harm.Thomas Hobbes: in any case, I put for a general tendency of all humanity an unending and eager want of a great many forces, that ceaseth just in death. Furthermore, the reason for this isn't generally that a man seeks after a more escalated charm than he has just accomplished, or that he can't be content with a moderate force, but since he can't guarantee the force and intends to live well, which he hath present, without the securing of more.Niccolà ² Machiavelli: Upon this, one needs to comment that men should either to be very much treated or squashed, on the grounds that they can vindicate themselves of lighter wounds, of progressively genuine ones they can't; consequently the injury that will be done to a man should be of such a sort, that one doesn't remain in dread of revenge.Niccolà ² Mac hiavelli: I state that each sovereign must want to be viewed as kind and not pitiless. He should, be that as it may, take care not to abuse this forgiveness. [†¦] A ruler, consequently, must wouldn't fret causing the charge of brutality to keep his subjects joined together and certain; for, with a not many models, he will be more tolerant than the individuals who, from abundance of delicacy, permit issue to emerge, from whence spring murders and rapine; for these generally speaking harm the entire network, while the executions did by the sovereign harm just a single individual [†¦] From this emerges the inquiry whether it is smarter to be adored more than dreaded, or dreaded more than cherished. The answer is, that one should be both dreaded and adored, however as it is hard for the two to go together, it is a lot more secure to be dreaded than cherished, in the event that one of the two must be needing. Against Violence Martin Luther Kind Jr.: a definitive shortcoming of brutality is that it is a sliding winding, siring the very thing it looks to demolish. Rather than decreasing abhorrence, it increases it. Through savagery you may kill the liar, yet you can't kill the untruth, nor set up reality. Through viciousness you may kill the hater, yet you don't kill despise. Truth be told, brutality only expands abhor. So it goes. Returning brutality for savagery duplicates viciousness, adding further haziness to a night effectively without stars. Murkiness can't drive out obscurity: no one but light can do that. Despise can't drive out abhor: no one but love can do that.Albert Einstein: Heroism by request, silly savagery, and all the pestilent hogwash that passes by the name of enthusiasm how I loathe them! War appears to me a mean, disgusting thing: I would prefer to be hacked in pieces than participate in such an accursed business.Fenner Brockway: I had since quite a while ago put on one side the ideali st conservative view that one ought to have nothing to do with a social insurgency if any savagery were included... In any case, the conviction stayed in my brain that any insurgency would neglect to build up opportunity and clique in relation to its utilization of viciousness, that the utilization of savagery unavoidably got its train control, restraint, remorselessness. Isaac Asimov: Violence is the last shelter of the uncouth.

Get A Variety Of Med School Admissions Essay Samples

Get A Variety Of Med School Admissions Essay SamplesIf you are preparing a perfect admissions essay for your upcoming medical school application, then you should use a decent essay writing service and have it done for you. There are plenty of these companies out there, and the competition for students to fill up the positions is at an all time high. It is no wonder that students are looking for the lowest price for the best writing services available.If you are a student who has applied to several med schools but has not been admitted, then it can be a really big challenge to face. You will be putting yourself in a bad position if you make the mistake of throwing your application to a single private school as the main source of the information. It is advisable that you write a couple of different essays to cover each of the med school admissions requirements.In fact, some schools will ask you to write a 'success story' type of essay. You may be writing this essay to demonstrate that you have made the most of the opportunities that you were given. While it may sound like a lot of work, if you do not know what to write about, you will probably not get very far.Med school admissions essay samples come in a wide variety of genres. There are standard applications that are designed to make it easy for students to fill out their application for med school. Then there are also more personalized types of essays that allow students to write about a specific incident that caused them to want to become a doctor.Many students get discouraged when they go online to find a college admissions essay writing service because they believe that all of these services are the same. You will find that some of the writing samples come with the standard introduction and a couple of paragraphs about the writer. However, others will come without any of these things included.The reason that you will find that some writing services only offer samples is because they want to make a living of f of people like you. These services know that they have a better chance of getting a good student if they only provide you with quality writing samples. As you know, when you are writing your admissions essay, you are most likely not going to have the chance to take a look at the writing samples that are offered to you by the college or school that you are applying to.You can find a lot of great writing samples on the Internet, and you can make sure that you are getting the highest quality writing service possible. If you spend time looking through these websites, you will see that most of them offer real samples for you to look over. This means that you can really take a good look at what you are about to write and make sure that it is written in a way that will impress your potential college or school.When it comes to med school admissions, your grades are almost as important as your personal statement. You are going to have to put in as much effort as possible in order to have y our writing sample essays accepted. With that being said, if you are in need of a good writing service to get some essay samples for your medical school applications, then it would be best to go online and start shopping around for different writing services.

Political Science Legislatures Reflection On Societies - 550 Words

Political Science: Legislature's Reflection On Societies (Essay Sample) Content: Political scienceInstitutionProfessorCourseDateLegislatures reflection on societiesIn focus of the legislatures better reflection on societies, it gives the facts that the legislature should have a better way of representing the gender, sex, the abilities of individuals and social class as well as indigent. In this case, I will reflect on the legislatures which are one of professional leading legislative organizations for the study of the political science. For example, the Latin American legislature is best which can better reflect on mentioned factors because it has the programs for serving the individuals the institutions and even the departments in concern with the political science (Tamerius 2010, 243). For instance, the American Political Science Association legislature has its duty in bringing all the political scientists together from different fields such as religion, occupation, and abilities. The supporting for is based on the three facts that its activitie s are endeavors for the deep understanding of the political science activities. Secondly gives the better understanding of the democracy among the individuals and lastly it gives the illustration of the citizenship in all countries across the world. Legislatures are the core factor for the democracy and civil law education (Franke 1995 45). The aim of the association is to bring the encouragement to the social class in regard to the political theories, political institutions, the public law, international relations and politics to all the individuals across the world. The legislatures should not aim at supporting any particular political or even the candidate. It does not have its commitment to the members on basis of the public policy or even taking a position on matters concerning the direct politics purpose. Legislatures should have a great encouragement of gender and sex as it gives the special concern on political as well as social challenges. The key factor and the mission of the legislature's staff are to have the enabling of the political scientist's good connection to the conducive environment for the research, teaching and even the practice of the political science related matters (Mathew De Hart 2012, 45-46). It keeps its efforts in ensuring that the necessary discipline concerning the sexual orientation is kept to the later. The president-elect of the association legislature Rogerss Smith says that the aim of the association is to have a task force for the new partnership. Currently, APSA legislature comes up will difference conferences which are held annually for the purpose of providing the environment for the scholars or any other political professionals kind of the network and connection of the ideas regarding the ethnicity. The meeting for the association is ranked as one of the worldwide meetings and in most cases; it is done on labor days. It has learning and teaching conference which works in a small group for hosting of the methodologies for the political science teaching in physical ability (Herrnson Lucas 2016, 69). The association provides the scholars with the effective and better ways of teachin...

Mans Discovery of Fossil Fuels Could Be His Downfall. Discus

Throughout the entire history of mankind, the technological advancements that civilisations have made have always been tied in with the development of energy sources. The first human energy technology was fire, along with human labour as the major energy source. This has bee supplemented by animals for agriculture and transportation since at least the dawn of agriculture some 10,000 years ago. Wind and waterpower for milling grain have also been used nearly as long. The development of the steam engine by George Stephenson in the late 1700#8217;s was the technological breakthrough that led to the industrial revolution. For the first time in human history transportation could be provided without the use of domesticated animals. Steam†¦show more content†¦By contrast in the poorest countries in the, such as Ethiopia, Kampuchea, Nepal and Bhutan, each person generally consumes less than one GJ per year. (W.Cunningham et al 1995). This means that on average, a person in a develop ed country uses almost as much energy in a single day, as a person in one of the above countries uses in a year. Clearly, there is a link between energy consumption and the comfort and convenience of our lives. The consumption of energy in developing countries is rising rapidly, and by the end of the next century will dominate energy markets worldwide. Even allowing for a growth rate in the demand for energy in the developing countries 1-2 % lower than the present trend, the demand is likely to exceed 100 million barrels a day oil equivalent (mbdoe) by 2010, and possibly 200 mbdoe (K.Pickering and L.Owen 1995). The reason coal, crude oil and natural gas are called fossil fuels is that all three were once living matter. Early in earth#8217;s biological history, photosynthesis outpaced the activity of consumers and decomposers. Consequently, large amounts of organic matter accumulated, especially on the bottoms of shallow seas and swamps. Gradually, this material was buried under sedi ments eroding from the land, and, over millions of years, was converted to either coal, crude oil or natural gas depending on the conditions underwhich it was subjected to. Formation of fossil fuels by natural